Imagine being able to choose the people who care for you or your loved one. You decide who helps, when they come, and what support looks like. That’s the heart of self-directed care—a growing approach that puts individuals and families in charge of their own services.
But as empowering as self-direction is, it also comes with responsibilities. When someone becomes the “employer” of their caregivers, they have to think about things like time tracking, payroll, taxes, and staying in line with Medicaid rules. That’s where Financial Management Service (FMS) agencies come in.
FMS agencies—also called fiscal intermediaries or fiscal agents—make self-direction possible behind the scenes. They handle the administrative and financial parts, so participants can focus on living their lives and receiving care that fits their needs. Whether it’s processing caregiver timesheets, managing payroll, or helping people enroll in a state program, FMS agencies are essential partners in this process.
At Ankota, we support these agencies with tools and technology that simplify their operations and help them serve their communities more efficiently. Whether you're running an FMS agency or you’re a self-directing participant or family member, this guide is for you.
In the chapters ahead, we’ll break down how self-direction works, what FMS agencies do day-to-day, how different state programs affect your operations, and how the right software can save time and reduce stress. We’ll keep the language simple, the information useful, and the tone down-to-earth.
Let’s start by answering a basic but important question: what exactly is self-direction?
Self-direction is more than just a buzzword—it’s a way for people to take charge of their care and live life on their own terms. Whether it’s a young adult with a disability or a senior who wants to stay independent at home, self-direction gives individuals and families more control over who provides care, when it happens, and how it’s delivered.
In this chapter, we’ll break down the basics of self-directed care and answer the most common questions from both families and agencies.
Self-directed care means that the person receiving support—often called the participant—gets to choose and manage their own caregivers. This can include hiring a family member, neighbor, or friend to provide support, as long as they meet basic qualifications.
Rather than having a home care agency assign caregivers, self-directing individuals become the “boss.” They decide:
This model can apply to everything from help with bathing and dressing, to meal preparation, transportation, or even managing medications.
People like having a say in their own care. Self-direction offers:
For many families, it also solves practical problems—like finding a caregiver who speaks their language or understands their culture.
Self-direction is often available to:
Eligibility and options vary by state, but in general, self-direction is part of Medicaid waiver programs or managed care plans.
The specific services that can be self-directed depend on the state, but common examples include:
Some programs even allow participants to control budget decisions, such as purchasing assistive technology or paying for non-traditional supports that improve quality of life.
Feature |
Traditional Home Care |
Self-Directed Care |
Who picks the caregiver |
Agency |
Participant or family |
Scheduling |
Set by agency |
Set by participant |
Payroll & paperwork |
Handled by agency |
Supported by an FMS agency |
Level of control |
Limited |
High |
Caregiver relationship |
Often unfamiliar |
Often a known/trusted individual |
This comparison highlights why self-direction feels more personal and empowering.
Let’s clear up a few misconceptions:
❌ Myth: You have to handle everything yourself
✅ Truth: FMS agencies help manage payroll, taxes, and compliance so participants can focus on care.
❌ Myth: Only professionals can be paid caregivers
✅ Truth: Many programs allow friends and family (even adult children) to be paid caregivers.
❌ Myth: It’s too complicated for most people
✅ Truth: With the right support, most participants manage just fine—and often thrive.
Maria, a 74-year-old living in New Mexico, was frustrated with traditional home care. Caregivers were often late or didn’t show up. Through her state’s self-direction program, Maria hired her niece to help her with meals and errands. Now, she feels safer and more connected—and her niece is earning a fair wage for helping a loved one.
Stories like Maria’s are common and remind us why this model matters.
Next Up: What Is an FMS Agency (and Why Do They Matter)? Self-direction is powerful—but it doesn’t work without structure. In the next chapter, we’ll explore how Financial Management Service agencies make it possible for people to manage care without drowning in paperwork or compliance headaches.
If self-direction is about freedom and choice, Financial Management Service (FMS) agencies are what make that freedom work in the real world.
Self-directing a care plan means someone becomes the employer of their caregivers. That’s exciting—but it also brings a list of responsibilities: hiring paperwork, payroll, taxes, background checks, insurance, and more. For most people, that’s too much to handle alone.
That’s where FMS agencies step in. They take care of the complicated parts so participants can focus on living their lives and receiving care that meets their needs.
FMS agencies are like the payroll department, HR, and compliance team rolled into one—for people receiving self-directed services.
Here are just some of the tasks FMS agencies handle:
By handling all this behind the scenes, FMS agencies make it possible for individuals to be in charge—without being overwhelmed.
Depending on the state or program, you might hear other terms that mean essentially the same thing:
Regardless of the name, the job is similar: support people in managing their services responsibly, and keep everything above board.
Without FMS agencies, self-direction would be limited to those who already understand employment law, tax filing, Medicaid rules, and software systems. That’s not realistic.
FMS agencies make the program accessible, scalable, and sustainable. They protect:
It’s an invisible job, but a vital one.
Most self-direction programs follow one of two models:
Different states offer different models—or both. FMS agencies often operate under the Employer Authority model, which gives participants the most control and responsibility.
FMS agencies are paid through the Medicaid system, either:
Participants don’t pay out of pocket for FMS services. The costs are built into the program, because the support FMS agencies provide is considered essential to making self-direction work safely and legally.
FMS agencies don’t operate in a vacuum. They are accountable to:
They must follow detailed rules around billing codes, timesheet formats, Electronic Visit Verification (EVV), and more. Many states have strict documentation and audit requirements. A strong FMS agency stays organized, communicates clearly, and uses the right tools to manage all of these moving parts efficiently.
A great FMS agency is more than just a payroll processor. They are a trusted partner that:
Agencies that do this well are appreciated by both families and state regulators—and they’re better positioned to grow and succeed.
Next up, let’s walk through what an FMS agency actually does each day—from the first caregiver enrollment to the last payroll run of the month.
Running an FMS agency means balancing care, compliance, and customer service—all while keeping things moving behind the scenes. Every day, these agencies juggle dozens of tasks that keep self-directed care running smoothly for thousands of people.
Whether you're new to the world of FMS or just looking to improve your operations, this chapter gives you a closer look at what the daily workload looks like and where technology and process improvements can make a real difference.
It starts with a service authorization. This is the green light from the state or managed care organization (MCO) that says a participant can receive a certain number of hours or services.
FMS agencies must:
Getting this right is crucial. Overuse or underuse of authorized services can result in lost funding, compliance risks, or denied claims.
Once authorization is in place, the next step is onboarding.
FMS agencies help participants:
For caregivers, onboarding includes:
The smoother this process is, the faster care can begin—and that matters to families in need.
One of the most critical (and time-consuming) parts of the job is time tracking.
FMS agencies:
Accuracy matters here. Incorrect or late timesheets delay pay and cause stress for caregivers and participants alike.
Once timesheets are verified, it’s time to run payroll.
This includes:
FMS agencies must follow all IRS and state tax rules. They also need to account for workers’ compensation, unemployment insurance, and sometimes union dues—depending on the state.
Each participant has a budget set by the state or MCO. It’s the FMS agency’s job to make sure they don’t overspend.
This means:
Good tracking tools can prevent surprises and help participants make the most of their available funding.
In most programs, the FMS agency submits claims directly to the state Medicaid system or the participant’s managed care organization.
This process includes:
Timely, accurate billing ensures the agency gets paid and avoids audit risk.
Participants and caregivers rely on their FMS agency for answers. A typical day includes:
Responsiveness is a huge part of building trust. Agencies that provide fast, friendly support tend to retain both caregivers and clients longer.
FMS agencies operate in a heavily regulated space. Some of the ongoing responsibilities include:
Keeping up with changing policies—especially across multiple states—requires strong systems and clear internal processes.
Modern FMS agencies rely on technology to:
A strong software system can turn hours of manual work into minutes—and free up staff to focus on what really matters: supporting people.
Next up, we’ll shift focus to the people FMS agencies serve—self-directing individuals and families—and what they really want from their FMS partners.
Behind every timesheet and payroll file is a real person—someone relying on care to live independently, stay safe, or support a loved one. That’s why the best FMS agencies don’t just manage paperwork—they build relationships with the people they serve.
In this chapter, we’ll explore what self-directing participants (and their families) need most from FMS agencies, and how thoughtful support can lead to stronger engagement, fewer errors, and better outcomes for everyone.
Most individuals who self-direct aren’t experts in Medicaid or employment law—they’re people managing care in real life. What they want from an FMS agency isn’t complicated:
FMS agencies that center the participant experience tend to see fewer errors, faster enrollments, and better retention of caregivers.
The enrollment process is often the participant’s first impression of their FMS agency. It should feel welcoming—not overwhelming.
Tips for a smooth experience:
When participants feel supported during onboarding, they’re more likely to stick with the program and use it effectively.
Technology can be a huge help—or a huge headache. The right tools should:
But good tools go beyond just functionality—they must be intuitive and accessible for people with varying abilities and technology comfort levels.
FMS agencies serve a wide variety of people—different ages, abilities, languages, and life experiences. One-size-fits-all communication doesn’t work.
Ways to build trust:
The more participants feel understood, the more confident they’ll be in using the self-direction program effectively.
One of the biggest challenges in self-direction is that participants become “employers” of their caregivers. Many find this part confusing or intimidating.
FMS agencies can help by:
When participants feel confident in their role, they’re more likely to stay engaged and maintain stable care teams.
Caregivers are the heart of self-directed services—but many face challenges like:
By making caregiver support a priority, FMS agencies indirectly support participants, too. Tips include:
Happy caregivers are more likely to stay—and that stability makes a big difference for participants.
FMS agencies must be ready to support participants with:
Inclusive design isn’t just good practice—it’s essential in a program meant to empower people of all backgrounds. Every tool and process should be reviewed through a lens of accessibility.
Next up, we’ll explore how state policies and Medicaid programs shape the self-direction landscape—and what FMS agencies need to know to stay compliant and efficient across different states.
Self-direction is a national movement—but it’s not a one-size-fits-all program. In fact, each state has its own version of self-directed care, shaped by Medicaid rules, waiver programs, and managed care policies. For Financial Management Service (FMS) agencies, understanding these state-by-state differences is essential to running a compliant and efficient operation.
In this chapter, we’ll explore how state decisions affect self-direction programs, what it means for FMS agencies, and how to stay ahead of changing requirements.
Most self-direction programs in the U.S. are funded through Medicaid Home- and Community-Based Services (HCBS) waivers. These waivers allow states to offer services that help people stay in their homes rather than enter institutional care.
Key facts:
This flexibility means no two state programs look exactly the same, which creates both opportunities and challenges for FMS agencies.
States differ based on:
As a result, FMS agencies may encounter major differences across states, such as:
To illustrate, here are a few real-world examples:
For FMS agencies, this means you may need state-specific workflows, software configurations, and staff training for each region you serve.
State policies directly influence how FMS agencies operate. For example:
Agencies that track policy changes closely and communicate proactively with participants and caregivers are better prepared to adapt and avoid service disruptions.
One organization that plays a big part in shaping and tracking self-direction trends is Applied Self Direction.
They:
While their audience is mostly policy leaders and state officials, FMS agencies benefit from staying in the loop with their resources. Understanding what’s happening at the national level can help you anticipate what may change in your state.
If your agency serves multiple states—or plans to—you’ll need a flexible and scalable approach.
Best practices include:
Multi-state operations can open doors for growth, but only if you have the right systems in place.
Medicaid policy isn’t static—states regularly update rules around:
To stay ahead, FMS agencies should:
The faster you learn about a change, the smoother your transition will be.
Next, we’ll shift gears and focus on growth—how new or expanding FMS agencies can build sustainable operations, avoid common pitfalls, and serve more participants without sacrificing quality.
Whether you're just starting out as a Financial Management Service (FMS) agency or looking to expand your reach across multiple states, growth brings both opportunity and complexity. From enrollment logistics to staffing and technology, scaling your FMS operation requires more than good intentions—it takes smart systems, proactive planning, and a commitment to quality service.
In this chapter, we’ll explore what new FMS agencies need to know, how to avoid common growing pains, and what strategies can help you build a stronger, more sustainable operation.
Becoming an FMS provider means entering a highly regulated industry with a direct impact on people’s lives. Before taking on your first participant, it’s important to be set up for success.
Here are the core building blocks:
The setup phase is your foundation—get it right early, and you’ll prevent issues later.
As agencies grow, the cracks often start to show in areas like:
Avoid these pitfalls by:
Growth should make your agency stronger—not more chaotic.
A growing FMS agency isn’t just about more clients—it’s about building a team that can serve them well. Consider hiring or assigning:
You don’t need a huge team—but you do need the right people in the right roles.
The biggest differentiator between agencies that scale well and those that struggle is technology.
The right FMS software helps you:
Look for systems built specifically for FMS workflows—general-purpose tools often fall short when it comes to Medicaid requirements.
As you take on more participants or expand to new states, don’t lose sight of the human side of your work.
Maintain high-quality service by:
Growth isn’t just about numbers—it’s about your ability to keep every individual supported, informed, and empowered.
Thinking about going multi-state? Here’s what to ask:
Multi-state growth can bring stability and opportunity, but only if it’s managed with care.
Agencies that have grown successfully often say:
Their biggest takeaway? Growth should be intentional, not accidental.
Next, we’ll dive deeper into one of the most important choices you’ll make: selecting the right software to support your FMS agency and the individuals you serve.
When evaluating FMS software, look for these core features:
Next, we’ll wrap up this guide with a look at the future of self-direction, the crucial role of FMS agencies, and how technology and empathy will shape the road ahead
Self-direction is more than a service model—it’s a movement rooted in dignity, independence, and the belief that people should have a say in how they live and who supports them. It allows older adults to age with grace, empowers people with disabilities to live full lives in their communities, and gives families the flexibility to care for loved ones on their own terms.
But none of it works without a strong foundation—and that’s where Financial Management Service (FMS) agencies come in.
You’re the behind-the-scenes engine that keeps self-direction running:
As this model continues to grow across the country, the demands on FMS agencies will grow, too. State policies will evolve. Compliance requirements will shift. Participants will expect easier, more accessible tools.
The agencies that thrive will be the ones who:
At Ankota, we’re here to help you do exactly that.
We offer software designed specifically for the real-world needs of FMS agencies—software that handles compliance, simplifies workflows, and helps you provide the kind of support that participants truly appreciate. Whether you're serving one state or several, just starting out or scaling up, our mission is to help you deliver self-direction with confidence.
Because when you succeed, people succeed—and that’s what this work is really about.